Pay Someone To Write A Paper With Paytowritepaper Com

Pay Someone To Write A Paper With Paytowritepaper Com Simply problem us with the least thrilling matter and we are going to type it in Blizzard, Marvel, or DC â€" your choice. Make positive you allow time to revise and edit after you’ve accomplished your first draft. This a part of the method is about rather more than simply fixing typos and adding or subtracting commas. Here’s a handy checklist that will help you make certain your paper is on point. Any info that doesn’t match inside the framework of your outline, and doesn’t instantly help your thesis assertion, no matter how fascinating, doesn’t belong in your analysis paper. Do not worry, we've a plagiarism-detection algorithm that ensures originality of your papers. You will get only distinctive content material because of our cooperation. Do you want a legal justice paper that may take a breath away and have sudden twists and turns? Moreover, I got here again right here to write that I received B for it. I don’t have a broad experience in utilizing online companies however I’m far from being dissatisfied which is great. She did everything very quick and was very meticulous. I guess the company does not have any vital difference from all the other writing companies. The phrases and prices are kind of the identical in all places. I’m glad there is a risk to change author if I’m not completely proud of the preliminary choice. At the tip of the day, writing a paper remains to be lots of work. But should you comply with the method on this article, you’ll be able to do it extra shortly without a loss of quality. Each of these courses was intense, but at the end I at all times found myself a better author. The buyer ordering the services is not in any method authorized to reproduce or copy both a completed paper or particular parts of it without correct referencing. The Company isn't accountable and won't report back to any third parties because of unauthorized utilization of its works. Keep your focus slender and avoid the kitchen sink approach. An outline will allow you to manage your ideas earlier than you dig into the writing course of. Once you’ve developed your thesis assertion, take into consideration the details you’ll have to current to assist that assertion. Now, arrange your thoughts and data beneath each sub-heading. This went past just getting quicker, though that was a serious profit. I additionally found that the standard of my arguments and analyses elevated, along with massive enhancements in my research abilities. A productiveness killer.Adding citations is the worst, especially if you just spent hours writing a paper and are so over it. If you don’t wish to spend additional hours paging via some arcane style handbook, do your self a favor and use a citation management/technology software. Take the paper to your college’s writing middle.Don’t count on them to be your copy editor, nonetheless. More than likely, the writing heart staff may have you read the paper aloud to them. This enables you to catch the errors yourself while nonetheless having the accountability of another individual in the room. Of course, your paper must be good for this to work. Summer author Sean Walsh recounts some of his experiences as a Corporate Relations intern. What techniques do you use to hurry up the paper writing process? Share them within the feedback under, or focus on them within the College Info Geek Community. Thank you to the support group for being so patient and attentive to my requests. It was a pleasure to cooperate with such a talented and well mannered writer! Creative writing is not my forte so thank you for serving to me out. The topic is simply too boring for me to even write an outline.

ACT Science Linking Tables and Graphs

While many questions on the ACT Science test only require you to look at one figure or table, there are also many that require you to combine information gleaned from multiple figures, tables, or even information in the passage. This is not as intimidating as it might initially seem if you follow one key process. I call this â€Å"finding the link† (a real creative title, I know). Here’s how it works: If a question asks you to look at multiple sources, you want to find the key term that appears on both sources. This is your â€Å"link† that helps you connect the dots between the data. Let’s look at an example question: Considering the data in Figure 1 and Table 1, which of the following could have been the absorption level measured for lead in Sample 5? 5% 7% 13% 17% Here are the related figures: Figure 1 Table 1 The fact that there are two different sources (Figure 1 and Table 1) referenced in the question clues us in to the fact that we should be looking to apply this strategy. We can see that Figure 1 contains several of the key terms from the question: lead, absorption, but not Sample 5. On Table 1, we find lead, Sample 5, but not absorption. So â€Å"lead† is the link here because it appears on both figures. But we need a little more help to actually connect the dots for this question. So what else appears on both Figure 1 and Table 1? The answer is ppm. If you notice, on the horizontal axis of Figure 1 we have ppm listed across the bottom, and along the top of the Table 1 we see ppm as well (ppm, if you are curious, stands for â€Å"parts per million.†) So, since the question asks about Sample 5, let’s start there in Table 1 and look at the â€Å"Lead in 100 ml† column. The value here is 2.3 ppm. So now, we can link this to Figure 1, find where 2.3 would fall along the horizontal axis of Figure 1 and follow the lead line (our other link), to see where it is at that point.   Looks like it is closest to 13% and so our answer is C. So, as a recap, the basic process for linking charts and graphs is to find the key terms in your question, figure out which ones appear in both places referred to in the question and use that to link the other key terms. This takes a little practice, but once you get used to it, you’ll be surprised how quickly you can answer some questions without even needing to fully understand what the question is asking!

The Importance of Nursing Roles - 1089 Words

The Importance of Nursing Roles Nurses have always been the backbone of healthcare and first response teams. Nurses are the first interaction a patient will have. The observations that a nurse makes through symptom analysis will aid the doctor in diagnosing the patient. This paper will first give a brief history of nursing and nursing roles and will focus on nursing theories and theorists. This paper will answer the question of how nursing theories helped to structure the nursing profession of today. In conclusion, this paper will focus on the importance of nursing roles in the modern healthcare system. British nursing has paved the way in the primary health care field of today (Salvage, 2009). Victorian district nurses were the first†¦show more content†¦Treat patients holistically (body, mind, and spirit) and take care of them with positive regard. As a health professional, you should promote health through positive intervention and knowledge and spending time uninterrupte d with the patients is essential (Watson, 1985). The conventional hospital treatment model theorized a care delivery system determined by technology, diagnosis, and treatment of acute illness (Smith Smith, 2012). The shifting trend is towards managed care environments, integrated with a caring-healing emphasis; this trend holds promises for transforming both practices and hospital settings (Watson, 1999, 2003). The new caring-healing practice environment is dependent on partnerships, negotiation, and coordination. The emphasis is on a change of perception, a focused intentionality towards caring and healing relationships (Watson, J., 2002 Intentionality and caring-healing consciousness, pp. 14). Although theorists have yet to explain, exactly what caring is, one thing is for certain, if nurses do not care appropriately, they will make things worse for their patients and themselves. By pretending to have the feelings they think they should, behaving with self-sacrifice while becomin g resentful of their patients and negligent of themselves will cause stress and burnout (Richard, L. et al., 2010). Most health care professionals would agree thatShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Nursing Role In Patient Education1275 Words   |  6 Pageseducator central to achieving universal health coverage (WHO, 2006). Health care systems have become increasingly complex and specialized, Furthermore, patient’s health problems and its complications are becoming more complex and diverse. The unique role of health education is helping to meet this problems and can be clarified. Nurses involved into a practice that included teaching and demonstrating health care actions to patients, their families, other health care workers and the community at largeRead MoreImportance Of Professional Nursing Roles And Scope Of Nursing Practice1850 Words   |  8 Pages Jaimie Good The Importance of Professional Nursing Roles and Scope of Nursing Practice Missouri State University â€Æ' Abstract This paper discusses historical events that influenced the nursing profession, how the ANA’s Scope of Nursing Practice publication contributes to the nursing profession, the impact of the AACN’s BSN essentials on nursing education, the role of the ANA’s Code of Ethics in Nursing, and how nurses are regulated by the Missouri Nurse Practice Act. This paper also looks atRead MoreThe Importance Of Transitioning From A Practical Nursing Role977 Words   |  4 PagesThe experience of transitioning from a practical nursing role into a new and more complex professional nursing role can be challenging. The LPN focuses more on performing fundamental responsibilities, whereas the RN performs more complex tasks, and their roles and responsibilities expand. LPN’s are always supervised by an RN, and are taught to collect data and report to the RN, rather than to make decisions independently. RN’s carry out various tasks on their own without any prior guidance or directionsRead MoreReflecting On The On Myself1320 Words   |  6 Pagesschool. I was able to receive my CNA (Certified Nursing Assistant) through the class. When my class started going to our clinical sites that the following semester, I automatically clicked with the residents. I felt like I built this special bond with the elderly. This was when I started leaning towards geriatrics. I have been certified for almost four years and I would not regret one minute of it. I have also been employed for almost three years at a nursing home here in Columbus. As the semester isRead MoreThe Impact of Leadership and Management in Nursing1489 Words   |  6 PagesThe first study reviewed looked at the effect of patient-focused redesign on midlevel nurse managers role responsibilities and perceptions of work environment (Ingersoll, 1999, p. 21). The study was chosen because patient-focused redesign models are becoming increasingly popular and little research has been conducted regarding the results of these models on nurse leaders/managers. A review of published studies of Patient-Focused Redesign (PFR) suggests that models differ across institutionsRead MoreImportance Of Hildegard Peplaus Theory Of Interpersonal Relations1385 Words   |  6 PagesImportance of Hildegard Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations Theory essentially enables nurses to know what they are doing, and why they are doing it by providing a framework for what the nursing profession entails (Chamberlain College of Nursing, 2015). A nursing theory that truly captures the essence of rehabilitation nursing is Hildegard Peplau’s theory of interpersonal relations. While this theory is explored deeper in the following paragraphs, so will the general importance of nursingRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Nursing949 Words   |  4 PagesPhilosophy of Nursing My inspiration to pursue a career in Nursing began at a young age, after reading the biography of Florence Nightingale. I was in middle school, and intrigued at her courage, and dedication to care for the sick. As I entered college, and into a formal nursing education program, I still viewed nursing as, the care provided to another in need. Without my knowing, I was developing a philosophy of nursing for myself. As the years passed, I began to realize that nursing encompassedRead MoreThe Theory Of Nursing Theory1570 Words   |  7 PagesImportance of Theory Fran Lauriha Chamberlain College of nursing Importance of Theory There are many ideas about theory in nursing. The definition of nursing theory is a group of concepts that can be tested, changed or used to guide research (McEwen Willis, 2014). This writer was exposed to theory in under-graduate classes but in the last four years of practice hasn’t put a lot of thought into nursing theory. Although, knowing and understanding that nursing theory is part of daily nursingRead MoreThe Theory Of Nursing Theory1417 Words   |  6 PagesImportance of Theory There are many ideas about theory in nursing. The definition of nursing theory is a group of concepts that can be tested, changed or used to guide research (McEwen Willis, 2014). This writer was exposed to theory in under-graduate classes and understands the importance of theory to her nursing practice. This paper will review the importance of nursing theory. It will also focus on Patricia Benner’s Novice to Expert Theory. Importance of Theory Many nurse theorists haveRead MoreImportance Of Theory Of Nursing Theory1723 Words   |  7 Pages Importance of Theory Evelyne Previl Chamberlain College of Nursing Importance of Theory Nursing theory is defined as a group of concepts, philosophy, or ideas that define and guide the nursing practice. In fact, nursing practice is firmly rooted from these concepts that were at times empirical, then abstract, and inferential. Reflecting back to the time of Florence Nightingale who is the pioneer in modern nursing and nursing theory up to the corner of 21st century

Essay about Feminism - 995 Words

I have been exposed to many forms of feminism. Many different ideas, concepts, and situations have been brought to my attention, enabling me to formulate my own loose definition of feminism, and to take those concepts with me to utilize in my life as a woman in order to obtain the life I deserve. To first understand feminism, one must be aware of the factors and forces that made—and still make—the fight for women’s rights such a relevant necessity. For example, women are mistreated and undervalued in athletics. Sharon Lennon, author of What is Mine, was taught this lesson young, as an excellent female softball player on a male team. After asking to play catcher in a game, the coach responded, â€Å"All right†¦but you’ll have to wear a cup†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;On a daily basis, women must also battle the dangers sexual abuse—verbal and physical. Inexcusable rapes and assaults go unpunished frighteningly often, or with mild consequences—even gang rape. A convicted rapist’s remark makes it ever so clear why women must fight the twisted mentality behind these crimes: â€Å"Most women like to get their box battered†¦they want to be grabbed and take hard. It makes them feel more li ke a woman†¦This time I just got unlucky and got a cold-hearted bitch† (CP, 2). To further grasp the concept—the entity—feminism, it is also important to see and hear the women behind the collective force. For example, Alisa L. Valdes, a feminist fitness instructor (what an oxymoron) who came to the conclusion the to truly progress, we must achieve economic equality (Period.) and not by playing by the rules patriarchy has set up (Valdes, 26, 32). Jennifer Reid Maxcy Myhre shaved her head and quit shaving her legs for the inconvenience it caused for no purpose; she pointed out that women who choose appearance typically considered â€Å"masculine,† they are called butch and masculine to be scared, gagged, and silenced (Myhre, 84, 88). Jennifer DeMarco was sexually abused by her uncle for an entire summer; she used writing to begin and further her healing process, sharing them with her family and eventually others â€Å"[to] shed light on misconceptions†¦To speak truth for those not spoken for, to the speak the truth† (DeMarco, 270) . Erin J.Show MoreRelatedFeminism : A Studies Of Feminism1559 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism 6 Running Head: PSYCHOLOGY STUDIES:A STUDIES OF FEMINISM PSYCHOLOGY STUDIES: A STUDIES OF FEMINISM CUIYI P. Student Pasadena City College Feminism 1 Psychology Studies: a Studies of Feminism What Does it Means to Run Like a Girl 21th Century Earlier Centuries Feminism became a hot topic in 21th century, but anyone know what is Feminism means? Definition on Macmillan Dictionary says, Feminism is the belief that women should have the sameRead MoreFeminism : An Definition Of Feminism1281 Words   |  6 PagesWhen one hears the term â€Å"Feminism†, she/he may have the idea that it is the urge and desire to gain rights for women. While that is true, it does not describe feminism in its entirety. Many people misinterpret what this term means based on media and people who do not know better. Many people who may misinterpret feminism may describe it as a movement to make women superior to men. They may say that those who claim to be a feminist are ones who hate men and strive to assert themselves aboveRead MoreFeminism : The Facade Of Feminism3220 Words   |  13 Pages1A 10 December 2014 The Facade of Feminism Feminism has been around for many years. During the 19th century, feminism has had a massive effect on the female role in society and in everyday life. The term feminism emerged from the 20th century to express a broader set goals for women around the world. The majority of women want to have the same equal rights as men and women are willing to fight until they unite and become treated equally as one. The word feminism is a complex and paradoxical termRead MoreFeminism1121 Words   |  5 PagesFEMINISM Introduction to Sociology Feminism Belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes. The movement organized around this belief. Feminism Feminist Theory is an outgrowth of the general movement to empower women worldwide. Feminism can be defined as a recognition and critique of male supremacy combined with efforts to change it. Feminism The goals of feminism are: To demonstrate the importance of women To reveal that historically women have been subordinate to menRead MoreFeminism, And Existentialist Feminism1780 Words   |  8 Pageswho is giving, caring, and dependable. These may sounds like worthy qualities at first, but together they form a major source of oppression for any caregiving figure, and different feminist theories such as care-focused feminism, psychoanalytic feminism, and existentialist feminism all have something to say about it. Motherhood is certainly a necessary role in a family and even in society, but the social construction around this role has led to many different ideas about the way mothers and caregiversRead MoreFeminism : The Marks Of Feminism1989 Words   |  8 PagesThe Marks of Feminism Throughout history and still today women fight against stereotypes and oppression for the sole fact that they are women. Stripped of human rights and equality in comparison to men, women deserve to stand on the same pedestal men are preciously placed upon simply because they are all human. A majority of people, including some women, invalidate the need for feminism by claiming that women often place themselves in lower positions than men. Feminists, however, would argue thatRead MoreFeminism : The Second Wave Of Feminism1222 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is feminism? Feminism is a definition to philosophy in which women and their contributions are valued. It is based on a social political and economical which is an equality for women. It’s a revolution that includes women and men who who wish the world to be equal without boundaries. The evolution of the rights of women in Australia owes much to successive waves of feminism, or the women s movement. The first of these took place in the late 19th century and was concerned largely with gainingRead MoreFeminism And The Second Wave Feminism1516 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica from 1960s into the 1980s which was later spread into Europe and parts of Asia. Compare to first-wave feminism in which advocates sought for women suffrage, this feminist movement, which had a broader and deeper influence, focused on dealing with issues which hindered legal sexual equality, rights to reproduce as well as family roles. This feminism movement is named the Second-wave feminism. It was politically powerful and influential that it obtained significant gains including the pass of theRead MoreFeminism And The Third Wave Of Feminism1212 Words   |  5 PagesAs the feminist revolution has advanced so has the definition of feminism. In 2017 feminism means something completely different than what it did in the days of women s suffrage. No longer is feminism working on allowing women just to vote. It focuses on intersectionality, gend er norms, women s reproductive rights, and so much more. We are in the third wave of feminism. In 2017 most millennials identify with third wave feminism or a variant of the movement and strive to abolish gender roles, patriarchyRead MoreFeminism : The First Wave Of Feminism1267 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism is a movement calling for social change, holding to a belief that women are oppressed by American society due to patriarchy’s inherent sexism. This social movement explained quite simply started in the 19th century when women fought for the right to vote, sought to improve workplace conditions for women as well as increase working opportunities. From this initial movement, called first wave feminism, stemmed other waves that though somewhere in the same vein, they held many differing goals

Team Reflection Summary free essay sample

In recent years there have been many highly publicized financial accounting scandals. Enron, WorldCom, and AIG are a few of the well- known corporate companies that have been involved in financial reporting scandals. United Sates regulators and lawmakers made known their concerns of mistrust in corporate accounting, because of unethical financial reporting. In 2002 Congress formed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act to certify that publically traded companies were reporting their finances honestly. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act specifies the requirements for financial reporting for public Corporations. The Securities and Exchange Commission oversees the financial reports from these companies. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act calls for all publicly traded corporations to follow firm requirements for financial accounting, and reporting. Although there are many differences between the accounting reporting standards of the United States and each country, the global business world requires a unique consideration. Other countries do not have such high levels of accounting criteria, and when the United States deals with them, extra caution is needed. We will write a custom essay sample on Team Reflection Summary or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Sarbanes-Oxley Act created problems in the business environment during the first year, auditing cost rose to staggering proportions, and many public firms went private as a way of avoiding the cost of complying with this law. The SOX Act was intended to improve corporate governance an increase transparency of financial audits. The act was to restore public confidence in Corporate America, change the way accountants did business, set standards, and enforce stricter criminal penalties. In the role of internal control in complying with (SOX) federal regulations have been revised to constrict responsibility dealing directly with directors, officers, and auditors. The revision obligates companies that are publicly traded to incorporate three precise reports within their annual financial reports to include the following: 1. Statement that outlines the management’s responsibilities on generating and reinforcing acceptable internal controls, arrangements, and techniques. 2. Evaluations of management’s internal controls arrangements and techniques efficiency in relations to the company’s end of the current fiscal year. 3. Requires verification by an auditor non-affiliated with the company, on the efficiency of the internal controls arrangements, and techniques of financial reports. It is essential that the reports are in accordance to the standards founded by the Public Accounting Company Oversight Board. In conclusion, effective financial reporting depends on moral and ethical behavior. It is of moral obligation to adhere to written codes of ethics. With this in mind, lawmakers can depend on the (SOX) Act to certify the accuracy of financial reporting, and ensure that fraud will not occur. ?

Waterfall Models in Software Engineering free essay sample

Software metrics Measurement can be applied †¢ to the software process with the intent of improving †¢ to assist in estimation, quality control, productivity assessment, and project control †¢ to help assess the quality of technical work products and to assist in tactical decision making as a project proceeds ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 1 MEASURES , METRICS , AND INDICATORS measure provides a quantitative indication of the extent, amount, dimensions, capacity, or size of some attribute of a product or process. a metric as a quantitative measure of the degree to which a system, component, or process possesses a given attribute†. an indicator is a metric or combination of metrics that provide insight into the software process, a software project, or the product itself A software engineer collects measures and develops metrics so that indicators will be obtained . ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING METRICS IN THE PROCESS AND PROJECT DOMAINS Process indicators †¢ enable a software engineering organization to gain insight into the efficacy of an existing process ( i. We will write a custom essay sample on Waterfall Models in Software Engineering or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page e. , the paradigm, software engineering tasks , work products , and milestones ) . †¢ enable managers and practitioners to assess what works and what doesnt. Process metrics are collected across all projects and over long periods of time. Their intent is to provide indicators that lead to longterm software process improvement. †¢ ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2 Project indicators enable a software project manager to †¢ assess the status of an ongoing project †¢ track potential risks †¢ uncover problem areas before they go critical †¢ adjust work flow or tasks †¢ evaluate the project teams ability to control quality of software engineering work products. ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Process Metrics and Software Process Improvement The only rational way to improve any process is †¢to measure specific attributes of the process †¢develop a set of meaningful metrics based on these attributes †¢use the metrics to provide indicators that will lead to a strategy for improvement ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 3 Product Customer Characteristics Business Conditions Process People Development Environment Technology oduct Determinants for software quality and organizational effectiveness. ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Determinants for software quality and organizational effectiveness †¢ process sits at the center of a triangle connecting three factors that have a profound influence on software quality and organizational performance †¢the skill and motivation of people has most influential factor in quality and performance †¢ the complexity of the product have impact on quality and team performance †¢ the technology (the software engineering methods) the process triangle exists within a circle of environmental conditions that include the development environment, business conditions, customer characteristics (e. . , ease of communication) ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 4 Outcomes We measure the efficacy of a software process indirectly based on the outcomes that can be derived from the process. Outcomes : –measures of errors uncovered before release of the software –efects delivered to and reported by end users –work products delivered –human effort expended –calendar time expended –schedule conformance ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING We derive process metrics by measuring the characteristics of specific software engineering tasks. measure the effort and time spent performing the umbrella activities –measure the generic software engineering activities ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 5 Private metric There are private and public uses for different types of process data : Data private to the individual –serve as an indicator for the individual only Examples of metrics private to the individual –defect rates (by individual) –defe ct rates (by module) –errors found during development ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Personal Software Process A structured set of process descriptions , measurements , and methods that can help engineers to improve their personal performance Some process metrics are private to the software project team but public to all team members –Defects reported for major software functions –Errors found during formal technical reviews –Lines of code or function points per module and function ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 6 Public metrics Public metrics assimilate information that originally was private to individuals and teams. Project-level defect – rates , – effort, – calendar times, – related data are collected and evaluated in an attempt to uncover indicators that can improve organizational process performance. ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Software metrics etiquette Software process metrics can be misused. Software metrics etiquette: –Use common sense and organizational sensitivity when interpreting metrics data. –Provide regular feedback to the individuals and teams who have worked to collect measures and metries. –Dont use metrics to appraise individuals. Work with practitioners and teams to set clear goals and metrics that will be used to achieve them –Never use metrics to threaten individuals or teams. –Metrics data that indicate a problem area should not be considered negative. These data are merely an indicator for process improvement. –Dont obsess on a single metric to the exclusion of other impo rtant metrics. ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 7 A simple defect distribution Hardware interface 8% Error checking 11% Data handling 11% User interface 12% Standards 7% Specifications 25% Causes of defects and their origin for four software projects Software interface 6% Logic 20% Origin of errors/defects specification/requirem ents desig n code ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING A fishbone diagram showing the causes of one class of defects Missing Ambiguous Specification defects wrong customer queried customer gave wrong info inadequate inquiries used outdated info Incorrect Changes ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 8 Project Metrics Used for strategic purposes by a project manager and a software team to adapt project work flow and technical activities . Project metrics on estimation effort and time duration estimates Production rates pages of documentation, –review hours, –function points, –delivered source lines ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING The intent of project metrics is twofold : –to minimize the development schedule, –to assess product quality on an ongoing basis and when necessary, modify the technical app roach to improve quality. Every project should measure: –inputs measures of the resources (e. g. , people, environment) required to do the work, –outputs measures of the deliverables or work products created during the software engineering process, –results measures that indicate the effectiveness of the deliverables ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 9 SOFTWARE MEASUREMENT Direct measures (e. g. , the length of a bolt) Indirect measures (e. g. , the quality ) Direct measures –lines of code (LOC) –execution speed –memory size –defects reported over some set period of time Indirect measures †¢functionality, quality, complexity, efficiency, reliability, †¢maintainability and many other abilities ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Size-Oriented Metrics Derived by normalizingquality and or productivity measures by considering the size of the software ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 10 Size Oriented Metrics a set of simple size -oriented metrics can be developed for each project: †¢errors per KLOC (thousand lines of code) †¢defects per KLOC †¢$ per LOC †¢pages of documentation per YLOC other interesting metrics: –errors/person-month –LOC per person-month –$/page of documentation ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Lines of Code (LOC) proponents claim †¢LOC can be easily counted, †¢many existing software estimation models use LOC or KLOC as a key input, †¢a large body of literature and data predicated on LOC already exists. pponents claim –LOC measures are programming language dependent, –they penalize well-designed but shorter programs, –they cannot easily accommodate nonprocedural languages, their use in estimation requires a level of detail that may be difficult to achieve (i. e. , the planner must est imate the LOC to be produced long before analysis and design have been completed). ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 11 Function-Oriented Metrics Use a measure of the functionality delivered by the application as a normalization value. Function-oriented metrics were first proposed by Albrecht. Function points measurement parameter number of user inputs number of user outputs number of user inquiries number of files number of externel interfaces count = total count ? ? ? ? ? Weighting Factor simple 3 4 3 7 5 average 4 5 4 10 7 complex 6 7 6 15 10 = = = = = Computing function point metrics. ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Number of user inputs. Each user input that provides distinct applicationoriented data to the software is counted. Inputs should be distinguished from inquiries, which are counted separately. Number of user outputs. Each user output that provides application-oriented information to the user is counted. In this context output refers to reports, screens, error messages, and so on. Individual data items within a report are not counted separately. Number of user inquiries. An inquiry is defined as an on-line input that results in the generation of some immediate software response in the form of an on-line output. Each distinct inquiry is counted. Number of files. Each logical master file (i. e. , a logical grouping of data that may be one part of a large database or a separate file), is counted. Number of external interfaces. All machine readable interfaces (e. g. , data files on tape or disk) that are used to transmit information to another system are counted. ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 12 COMPUTING FUNCTION POINTS Once the above data have been collected, a complexity value is associated with each count. For determining whether a particular entry, –simple, –average, –complex. To compute function points (FP), FP = count-total x [0. 65 + 0. 01 x ? Fi] The Fi ( i = 1 to 14) are complexity adjustment values ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING COMPUTING FUNCTION POINTS Rate each factor on a scale of 0 1 2 3 4 5 No influenc Incident Moderat Average Significant Essentia 1. Does the system require reliable backup and recovery? 2. Are data communications required? 3. Are there distributed processing functions? 4. Is performance critical? 5. Will the system run in an existing, heavily utilized operational environment? 6. Does the system require on-line data entry? 7. Does the on-line data entry require the input transaction to be built over multiple screens or operations? 8. Are the master files updated on-line? 9. Are the inputs, outputs, files, or inquiries complex? 10.. Is the internal processing complex? 1. Is the code designed to be reusable? 12. Are conversion and installation included in the design? 13. Is the system designed for multiple installations in different organizations? 14. Is the application designed to facilitate change and ease o f use by the user? ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 13 Function Point Once function points have been calculated, they are used in a manner analogous to LOC to normalize measures of software productivity, quality, and other attributes : †¢errors per FP †¢defects per FP †¢$ per FP †¢page of documentation per FP †¢FP per person-month ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING An Example of LOC-Based Estimation The CAD software will accept two- and three-dimensional geometric data from an engineer. The engineer will interact and control the CAD system through a user interface that will exhibit characteristics of good humanmachine interface design. All geometric data and other supporting information will be maintained in a CAD database. Design analysis modules will be developed to produce required output which will be displayed on a variety of graphics devices. The software will be designed to control and interact with peripheral devices that include a mouse, digitizer, and laser printer. –user interface and control facilities (UICF) –two-dimensional geometric analysis (2DGA) –three-dimensional geometric analysis (3DGA) –database management (DBM) –computer graphics display facilities (CGDF) –peripheral control (PC) –design analysis modules (DAM) ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 14 Function Estimated LOC 2,300 5,300 6,800 3,350 4,950 2,100 8,400 33,200 User interface and control facilities (UICF) Two-dimensional geometric analysis (2DGA) Three-dimensional geometric analysis (3DGA) Database management (DBM) Computer graphics display facilities (CGDF) Peripheral control (PC) Design analysis modules (DAM) Estimated lines of code ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Estimation table for LOC method. optimistic: 4600 most likely: 6900 pessimistic: 8600 AN EXAMPLE OF FP-BASED ESTIMATION Information Domain Value opt. likely pess. est. count weight FP-count Number of inputs Number of outputs Number of inquiries Number of files Number of external interfaces 0 12 16 4 2 24 15 22 4 2 30 22 28 5 3 24 16 22 4 2 4 5 4 10 7 96 80 88 40 14 318 Count-total ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 15 Estimating information domain values. Factor Backup and recovery Data communications Distributed processing Performance critical Existing operating environment On-line data entry Input transaction over multiple s creens Master files updated on-line Information domain values complex Internal processing complex Code designed for reuse Conversion/installation in design Multiple installations Application designed for change Complexity adjustment factor Value 4 2 0 4 3 4 5 3 5 5 4 3 5 5 1. 17 ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING The estimated number of FP is derived: FPestimated = count-total ? [0. 65 + 0. 01 ? ? Fi ] FPestimated = 372 †¢Historical data normalized using function points indicate that the organizational average productivity for systems of this type is 6. 5 FP/p m. †¢Burdened labor rate of $8000 per month, the cost per FP is approximately $1230. †¢Based on the LOC estimate and the historical productivity data, the total estimated project cost is $457,000 and the estimated effort is 58 personmonths. ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 16 Extended Function Point Metrics †¢The function point metric was originally designed to be applied to business information systems applications. †¢The data dimension was emphasized to the exclusion of the functional and behavioral (control) dimensions. †¢The function point measure was inadequate for many engineering and embedded systems †¢Feature points –a superset of the function point –applications in which algorithmic complexity is high. real-time –process control –embedded software applications ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING To compute the feature point †¢information domain values are again counted and weighted as described †¢ In addition, the feature point metric counts a new software characteristic, algorithms. †¢An algorithm is defined as a bounded computational problem that is included within a specific computer program ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 17 3D Function Point †¢ 3D function point integrates Data dimension of software with the functional and control dimensions. Data Dimension †¢ Counts of retained data (the internal program data structure, e. g. , files) †¢ External data (inputs, outputs, inquiries, and external references) Functional Dimension †¢ Measured by considering the number of internal operations required to transform input to output data ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Transformation †¢ †¢ A series of processing steps that are constrained by a set of semantic statements. A transformation is accomplished with an algorithm that results in a fundamental change to input data as it is processed to become output data. Acquire data from a file Simply place that data into program memory †¢ †¢ ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 18 The level of complexity assigned to each transformation is a function of : †¢ The number of processing steps †¢ The number of semantic statements that control the processing steps. Semantic Statements 1-5 Processing Steps 1-10 low low low 6-10 11+ 11-20 low average high 21+ verage high high Determining the complexity of a transformation for 3D function points ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Control Dimension †¢ †¢ Measured by counting the number of transitions between states A state represents some externally observable mode of behavior, and a transition occurs as a result of some event that causes the software or system to change its mode of behavior . For example, a cellular phone †¢ auto-dial state †¢ resting state †¢ dialing state ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 19 To compute 3D function points index = I+ O +Q+F+ E+ T+ R where I, 0, Q, F, E, T, and R represent inputs, outputs, inquiries, internal data structures, external files, transformations, and transitions, respectively.. †¢ Each complexity weighted value is computed using the following relationship complexity weighted value = Nil Wil + Nia Wia + Nih Wih where Nil , Nia , and Nih represent the number of occurrences of element i (e. g. , outputs) for each level of complexity (low, average, high) Wil , Wia and Wih are the corresponding weights. ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Function Point †¢ The function point ,like the LOC, measure is controversial Proponents claim that †¢ FP is programming language independent, making it ideal for applications using conventional and nonprocedural languages †¢ It is based on data that are more likely to be known early in the evolution of a project Opponents claim that †¢ The method requires some sleight of hand in that computation s i based on subjective, rather than objective, data †¢ Counts of the information domain (and other dimensions) can be difficult to collect after-the fact †¢ FP has no direct physical meaning its just a number.

Murderous Macbeth essays

Murderous Macbeth essays Throughout all of history, people have killed people to get ahead just like Macbeth did. Kings, tyrants, dictators, and even normal everyday citizens have killed each other to try to gain monetarily and try to gain power over everyone else. Many people even kill each for love. The wife gets a lover and kills the husband for him and so it goes. This hasnt changed in hundreds of years since Shakespeares time. Macbeth killed for the power, the money, and for the love of his wife. Macbeths main reason for killing Duncan was because his wife talked him into it. He debated about it before she got into it but she was the one that eventually talked him into it. Macbeth was almost set on giving up on the whole thing when his loving wife stepped in and made him go through with it. This happens quite often in actual life. In reality husbands and wives kill each other because they want them out of the way so they can be with the lovers they are having the affairs with. They fall in love with these new lovers and decide that a divorce would be too much trouble they plot to kill the husband or wives that are in the way. Although Macbeth didnt do it exactly for this reason, he did do it for the love of his wife. She wanted to be higher on the ladder and they only way to have it done would be to have her husband Macbeth kill Duncan so he and she would become the leaders of the country and they would be able to do away with anyone that stood in their way. Another big reason that Macbeth committed these murders was because her wanted the power. He knew that if he killed King Duncan and got away with it he would become king and have all the power over everyone. After killing Duncan he started killing everyone that stood in his way because he found how easily it was to abuse his new powers. This is a very common occurrence and it happens all the time. All the tyrants and dictators such as Hitler and Castro di...